Three fundamental rules of logic must be followed for any rational discussion to take place. They are most basic; other rules of logic necessarily follow from these three. Furthermore, if any of these three fundamental rules are broken, the statements or arguments associated with this violation must be false.


1.) Law of Non-contradiction:


A statement and its negation cannot both be true at the same time and in the same sense. Examples of statements and their negation are below.
Original: "I am typing on a computer."
Negation: "I am not typing on a computer."
I may be typing on a typewriter, or I may not be typing at all.
Original: "It is raining outside (where I live)."
Negation: "It is not raining outside (where I live)."
The parenthetical statement is not necessary. Common sense shows that it is most certainly raining somewhere.
Common sense also lets us know that the original statement applies only at the time the statement is made; we would not assume the original statement is to be considered true at all times.
Light rain, drizzle, downpour? I don't care about the details in this article. Let's not be picky.
Original: "2 + 3 = 5"
Negation: "Two plus three does not equal 5."
The original statement implies normal base-10 arithmetic.
There's no need to try to be clever and talk about the possibility of other bases, modular arithmetic, or anything else not clearly indicated.


2.) Law of Excluded Middle:


Either a statement or its negation must be true; there is no third option.
Either "2 + 3 equals 5" or "2 + 3 does not equal 5."
There is no other possibility.
Notice I did not say "Either 2 + 3 equals 5 or 2 + 3 equals 6."


3.) Law of Identity:


Statement X is statement X. Huh? The Law of Identity sounds redundant and useless at first. However, it is important. Moreover, it is necessary. If I make a statement about something (e.g. There is a calculator on my desk), then I am stating something about my calculator's identity. I could make many other statements about this specific calculator's identity, but why bother? Think of it this way, if no statements could be made about some thing's or some idea's identity, if it has no identity, then it would not exist, right?


Reality has specific things true about it. If it is not true, then it is not real. Right?


The Law of Identity necessarily follows from reality.


Granted, what you or I are stating may be false, but then the first law (i.e. Law of Non-contradiction) would come to our rescue; it cannot be true that there is a calculator on my desk and no calculators on my desk (at the same time and in the same sense.) The second law (i.e. Law of Excluded Middle) also comes into play; either there is a calculator on my desk or there is not a calculator on my desk. There is no third option.


I could find examples from today's headlines to further discuss these three laws, but that would take away from further blog posts. This article is small and quick. There are many places on the Internet to research these topics further.

Mark's Roman Road

Many things have happened to me that I never thought would happen. For one, I never thought I would get a Master’s Degree in mathematics. I also said things like: “I’ll never go to seminary,” and “I’ll never get married.” One lesson I’ve learned in life is to be careful in using the words “never” and “always.” In logic and mathematics there are times when “never” and “always” appear. For instance, in logic you cannot form the Aristotelian Square of Opposition without the concepts of “never” and “always.” In mathematics, a polynomial equation with real coefficients will always have complex roots appear in conjugate pairs.

My Beautiful Wife & Me

Well, as many of my friends know, I have a Master’s Degree in mathematics, and have been to seminary, and I am very happily married. I have done all of those things and many other things that I thought would never happen.

There are also some things that I thought I’d always do (or ways I’d always think) that I no longer do (or think). Some of these changes are outside of my control; some due to a change in preferences or thinking.   Getting married for the first time at age 49 was a big change. Having a little, baby boy when I’m 51 years old is another huge change.   It’s funny how the unexpected can sometimes bring such joy.

However, coming into full communion with the Roman Catholic Church after being a life-long protestant is one of the wildest things I never saw coming until about seven or eight months ago.  Yes, you read that correctly. I’m Catholic.

I’ll pause now as you sound the alarm to all friends and family members.  After you’re done crying or laughing, please continue reading. I’ll briefly give my explanations for doing this and briefly touch on some common objections to Catholicism later. 

My Protestant Upbringing 

My father was a protestant pastor – and a very good one.  I love the church where he preached.  He was, and still is, a great preacher.   I learned much from him. His preaching was used by the Holy Spirit to bring me to my knees and give my life to God. The most important thing I learned from my parents is to pray and read the Bible on a daily basis. Unfortunately I did not always read my Bible and pray as I should. Anytime I stopped doing one or the other I always found heartache, depression, and confusion. Sincere prayer got me through my darkest hours.   I was foolish to wait until I was in my thirties to start reading my Bible from cover to cover. Throughout life I read my Bible, but it was more in the manner of following along as I took part in a Sunday morning church service or during a Bible study. I used the Bible as more of a reference book to follow along with what others were saying or writing.  One day I just decided to read the Bible from cover to cover. Some sections were boring at first, but many things were made clearer as I persevered all the way through. I have read it from cover to cover quite a few times using different translations. 

Christian Education

I went to a Christian-based college. I experienced some Christian growth, but I think there was more spiritual frustration than anything. I did not lose faith in God.

In my thirties I attended an evangelical seminary to study Christian apologetics.

Having read through the Bible several times I knew that many of the objections and misunderstandings of Christianity were due to people not knowing as much about Christianity as they claimed. I know I don’t know everything about Christianity, but I know the Bible well enough to know when a few preachers take verses out of context. I may not be able to answer every objection to a person’s liking, but every objection I’ve ever heard to Christianity involves a great deal of misunderstanding of the faith.

Sadly, many of those misunderstandings were learned from listening to someone in a pulpit or from reading Christian literature. 

Defending the Faith 

Christian apologetics is the discipline of defending Christianity. It comes from the Greek word apologia meaning “to defend” – as if in court. It does not mean we’re apologizing for being Christian. I became interested in apologetics after having my faith attacked by an atheist in graduate school. I did not know what apologetics was at the time. Other Christians avoided this guy because it seemed like he was very aggressive in expressing his views against Christianity. I did not cower whenever he came my way and sure enough he started his faulty arguments every time. Everything that came out of his mouth was either based on complete lies or illogical arguments.   I countered every one of his arguments with sound logic and accurate explanations. I never heard of the discipline of apologetics before. I thought I was doing something new. My dad enlightened me about the subject and introduced me to some good authors.

While working on a PhD in pure mathematics at West Virginia University I began taking classes in apologetics from a seminary in Charlotte, NC. In a matter of weeks I was defending theism against a New Age pantheistic cult that appeared on campus. One day I had a conversation with a guy in this cult. As I was defending theism, he started freaking out. I guess the truth really hit a chord in his brain. He gathered his buddies together. They huddled up, looked menacingly at me, and disappeared from campus. I looked everywhere for them. They were gone.

In the following years I read hundreds of books and articles dealing with Christianity and other religions (New Age, Islam, atheism, humanism, a handful of cults, etc.). I read books written at the popular level and I read scholarly books with Latin and Greek words intermingled with the English words.

Anti-Catholic Rants

Long story short, I found that some writings by Christians do not always match up with what the Scriptures say or what has been taught by Christianity throughout the years. But, they’re popular with the masses. They sound nice. They’re good looking. They have a nice message that sounds Christian that says something like, “If you’re a Christian, things will go your way. You’ll be happy. You’ll get what you want.” I also started to discover that what one group of Christians says about another group is not always true either. Christians have a nasty habit of misrepresenting the details of other groups’ beliefs. Non-Christians love to exploit this fact and use this to attempt to show Christianity is false. Well, that’s about as foolish as saying since different doctors think differently about treating the same disease, then all doctors are studying and believe in a false doctrine; i.e. medical arts. It’s stupid, but it happens. We’re all human after all.

Unfortunately, while in seminary, I began to hear and read things that made me believe that Catholics were not Christians and were following a dangerous set of ideas about God. I became very anti-Catholic. I remember calling a minister friend of mine and telling him about all of the scary things I was taught or read about Catholicism. I remember pounding my fist on his desk and exclaiming with an authoritative voice things about sola fide and sola scriptura. I was quoting this verse and that verse. I was referencing this author and that author; this theologian and that theologian.

I was taught and believed:

• Catholics worship Mary and other dead people.
• Catholics think that one is “saved” only by their good works.
• Catholics think everyone gets a second chance at Heaven or Hell while in Purgatory and we here on earth can influence that decision by giving money to the church.
• Catholics never read the Bible.
• Catholics think the Pope’s words have more authority than Scripture.
• Catholics are not Christians.
• And other ideas (that I now believe are all false).

Getting on the Right Track

Thankfully, this seminary also taught us to cite original sources. In order to truly critique or reference an author, we needed to go to “the horse’s mouth” and accurately and honestly represent the words and ideas of who or what we are referencing. While in seminary I read many, many books and articles. Several of these that were, to my surprise, written by Catholic authors. Yet, I could not dismiss what they were writing because it made so much sense and went along with what I read in the Bible.

A few years ago, I happened to be listening to a radio show one night and the hosts did an excellent job at explaining and defending Christianity. To my surprise, they were Catholics! So, I began to listen to Catholic Answers Live, a nightly Catholic apologetics radio show, on a regular basis. At times I forgot I was listening to Catholic apologists. Depending on the topic of discussion, many of their explanations sounded like what I was taught at seminary or had heard my whole life. “Hmm, maybe they’re Christian after all,” I thought. Sure, I still had some difficulties with the Catholic faith, but I could no longer honestly think that Catholics were non-Christians.

By continued reading, studying, and praying I eventually had to have a paradigm shift and several things that happened in Protestant church services gave it a big kick forward.

To make a long story short: In the summer of 2014 one of my constant prayers was for God to draw me closer to Him. I did not pray for material blessings. I did not pray for money. I did not even pray for good health (other than to be able to provide for and protect my family). This is certainly the kind of prayer God wants us to pray and He will answer. And He did.

Walking Towards Rome

In response to comments regarding communion made by a Protestant pastor, I commented to my wife, “Ha, you’d never hear that in a Catholic church.” My wife was curious and started asking me questions about the Catholic faith. Suddenly my wife & I began talking about differences between the Catholic and Protestant beliefs. Our interest was piqued and on the last Saturday of August 2014, my wife and I took a chance and attended a Catholic Mass. Given everything we had been told about the Catholic Church, we were extremely nervous about going. We prayed for Godly protection and discernment before going into the church and prayed once we found a place to sit. Before the service even started we both felt such peace and reverence that we knew this was truly a holy place. Throughout the service both of us felt the presence of the Lord.

Afterwards we attended another Protestant service or two, but both of us kept feeling drawn to the Catholic Mass. We couldn’t stop thinking about it. We couldn’t stop talking about it. We started reading everything we could find in order to learn more about Catholicism. My wife, who was previously dead-set against Catholicism started doing research on her own. We prayed daily for God’s direction. We read the Bible daily. We read Protestant literature against the Catholic Church. We read Catholic literature. We listened to many arguments on both sides. We researched it thoroughly. Given our respective Protestant backgrounds, much to our surprise, we were drawn back to Mass each week.

Soon I discovered the Protestant objections to Catholicism is very different than what the Catholic Church actually teaches:

• Catholics do NOT worship Mary or other dead people.  The Saints that are in heaven are certainly more alive than we are!  Catholics do not worship Saints.  They ask the Saints to pray to Jesus on their behalf; just like Protestants ask their friends at church to pray for their needs.  Ever ask a friend on Face Book to pray for you?  Well, you’re just a step away from asking any Saint to do the same thing.  Who do you think is more holy and closer to Jesus, a friend at church or someone already in Heaven who sees Jesus face to face?   By the way, “to pray” means “to ask.”   “Prayer” does not mean “to worship.”
• Catholics believe we are saved by grace, through faith.  But, faith without works is dead.  Just like the Bible says!
• Purgatory is not a second chance at heaven.   There’s even a verse in the New Testament that always made me think of what I ended up understanding what the Catholic dogma of Purgatory is.  (see I Cor 3:10 – 15)
• Catholics read the Bible every day at Mass.  I often hear more Scripture at Mass than I ever did at Protestant churches.   There’s even daily readings (usually a passage from the Old Testament, Psalms, and the New Testament) that all Catholics are encouraged to read.  These are not just a few verses either; they’re paragraphs.  For the dedicated Catholics (like Priests) there’s even biblical readings every three hours.
• Catholics do not believe the Pope’s words exceed Scripture.  The Word of God is supreme even in the Catholic Church.  Nothing can contradict Scripture.
• There are Catholic Christians!   Also, the Catholic Church recognizes those baptized in/with water under the Trinitarian formula are also Christians and accept their baptisms.  There’s only one baptism.  You don’t get baptized again if you convert to Catholicism.

The Home Stretch

Slowly my final three objections to the Catholic faith dissolved: a.) The primacy of Peter and the succession of popes, 2.) Transubstantiation, and 3.) devotion to Mary.   Keep in mind, these were not the only objections I had through the years, but these were the remaining three (I even understood and accepted the Catholic practice of asking Saints for intercessory prayer).   If I could not reject these, then I must embrace the Catholic faith.

It was a tough and frightening pill to swallow. My wife and I said to each other more than once, “I think I’m becoming Catholic. I believe.” We were both praying together and separately, “God, if this is wrong, steer us away!” For decades I have heard and studied the Protestant arguments against Catholicism. They all crumbled!   Most of the Protestant arguments against Catholicism are based on outright lies about what the Catholic Church believes and teaches. Many others are based on a misunderstanding of Catholic teachings.

In the fall of 2014, my wife and I began attending adult education classes on the teachings of Catholicism. We were permitted and encouraged to ask questions. We could leave at any time. There was never any arm twisting or intimidation. There was only love.

Welcomed Home

On Saturday, April 4, 2015 my wife and I were welcomed into full communion with the Roman Catholic Church and received our confirmation.   Our son was baptized the same night. I’m happy and proud to say that we all “became Catholic” on the same night.

I have also recently been informed that nearly twenty of my fellow seminarians have also converted to Catholicism over the years – even a couple of the professors!   One of my classmates has an excellent blog with many good Catholic articles at souldevice.wordpress.com (here).

I ask my non-Catholic friends to read Catholic books. Read the Catechism of the Catholic Church from cover to cover. Listen to Catholic Answers Live (Catholic Apologetics…here), Called to Communion (Catholic Apologetics and Theology…here), The Journey Home (Catholic conversions stories…here), and Christ is the Answer (Father John Riccardo… here and here). There are many good sources for Catholic teachings, but this is a good start. All of these can be found online.  

Listen to and read what Catholics have to say about Catholicism. DO NOT be fooled by what Protestants have to say about Catholicism.  Read Scott Hahn’s Rome Sweet Rome. He used to be a Protestant pastor. There are many conversion stories of Protestants (even pastors) converting to Catholicism.  Read & listen to the Catholic faith honestly.   It can stand up to your criticism. I encourage you to consider what you read with an honest heart.

I know I will have many friends and family throw questions at me. If I cannot answer your questions right away, then please give me time.   I also assume there will be many words spoken behind my back. In either case, I plan to write many more blog posts defending the Catholic faith. I am still a Christian apologist. My blog posts will not be as comprehensive as what is already available online, but I’ll do my share.

I close with a quote that I have found to be very accurate. Archbishop Sheen said, “There are not more than 100 people in the world who truly hate the Catholic Church, but there are millions who hate what they perceive to be the Catholic Church.”

[For more of my road to the Roman Catholic church read here.]

Knowing God's Will For Your Life

Through the years I've heard many Christians say something like, "I wish I knew God's will for my life."   Since much of my life has been spent around those of a traditional college age, I'd often hear things like:

• I wish I knew what God wanted me to major in college.
• I wish I knew what kind of job God wanted me to do.
• Where does God want me to live?
• I have two job offers, I wish I knew which one God wanted me to take.

And the list goes on & on.

I too once said those types of things.  I felt trapped.  I felt alone.  I felt like my life was going nowhere.  It felt as if I was in such an unpleasant situation because I wasn't somehow following God's will for my life.  "If only I could know God's will for my life, then I would follow it and have a better life," I said.

The problem with that line of thinking is that my Christian priorities were in the wrong place.   I should have been more interested in thanking God for what I have, praising God for Who He Is, and worshiping God in a manner for which He is worthy.  In the sixth chapter of Matthew, Jesus tells us not to worry about things such as what to wear, what to eat - and likewise, where to work or what to major in - but to "seek first the kingdom of God and His righteousness and all other things will be added to you."  (Matt 6:33)

I was more like a little kid in the grocery store yelling, "when are we going to McDonald's."  I should have been enjoying the fact that I was in the presence of a parent who loves me and is providing for my needs at that very moment and in the future.

Furthermore, would we really want to know what God has in store for our lives?   Think about it.  There have been countless Christian martyrs (many in this age).  I wonder how they would have lived their lives if they knew shortly after becoming a Christian that they would years later be beaten to death with rocks or clubs, or shot, or hanged, or beheaded, or ripped apart by wild beasts.   I know it would've disturb me.

So, how do we answer this burning question in our lives about what we should do to live God's will?  I don't think we should expect a burning bush moment like Moses encountered.  Anyone who has read through - not isolated verses here & there, read through - their Bibles would have come across the answer.  First Thessalonians 5:14 - 22:

"Now we exhort you, brethren, warn those who are unruly, comfort the fainthearted, uphold the weak, be patient with all.  See that no one renders for evil to anyone, but always pursue what is good both for yourselves and for all.  Rejoice always, pray without ceasing, in everything give thanks; for this is the will of God in Christ Jesus for you.  Do not quench the Spirit.  Do not despise prophecies.  Test all things; hold fast to what is good.  Abstain from every form of evil."  (NKJV, emphasis mine)

I should focus on those things.  That is more than enough to keep me busy.  We should all do that.   Let's not worry about where we should go to school, what we should major in, where we should work, and other specific details that really don't matter so much in the grand scheme of things.  Sure those things are important, but they're not worth driving ourselves to high anxiety.  We don't have to worry all that much about which one is in God's will for our lives.

First and foremost, worship God.  Praise Him for Who He Is and what He's done.  Read through the Bible.  His will for each and every one of us is given within.